Energy Production Essay -- Environment, Natural Gas

In today’s society, it’s nearly impossible to open a newspaper, fire up a computer, or hold a conversation that isn’t someway related to energy. Since the beginning of the industrial revolution over a century and a half ago, nothing has been more pivotal to mankind’s rise to power as the apex species of planet earth. Had our ancestors not discovered the potential of using million year old plant and animal remains to create combustible power, the world would look very different. There is no denying that energy production is one of, if not, the most important developments in human history. After a hundred and fifty years of recklessly burning oil and coal, we find ourselves having to deal with the literal mess unforeseen by our industrious forefathers. No longer can the repercussions of our unsustainable addiction to fossil fuels be ignored nor can we defer the task of finding a solution to the next generation of humans. â€Å"Energy use and its cost are rising worldwide, most countries remain dependent on oil imports, and little progress has been made toward curbing climate change† (Deutch 2011). This inconvenient truth has left governments, environmentalists, and consumers scrambling to develop a way to provide massive amounts of energy at an affordable cost while significantly reducing our harmful carbon emissions. In a perfect world alternative, clean energy should have been pursued intensively when true magnitude of oil instability was first revealed in the 1970’s but better late than never. There are dozens, if not hundreds of oil and coal alternatives that are being considered, however, while many options look promising in theory the overwhelming majority of them such as: wind, solar, and biofuel just aren’t economically feas... ...to guide the design of the study. The initial research results from the study are expected until the end of 2012 with a goal for a report in 2014. ANH International. "About Us | ANH International." Welcome to Alliance for Natural Health International | ANH International. 03 Mar. 2011. Web. 03 Mar. 2011. . ANH-USA 1. "A Huge Fracking Mess." Welcome to the Alliance for Natural Health - USA. 23 Feb. 2011. Web. 03 Mar. 2011. . ANH-USA 2. "Campaigns." Welcome to the Alliance for Natural Health - USA. 03 Mar. 2011. Web. 03 Mar. 2011. . ANH-USA 3. "Overview." Welcome to the Alliance for Natural Health - USA. 03 Mar. 2011. Web. 03 Mar. 2011. .

Determination of the Fundamental Electronic Charge

ELECTROLOYSIS OF WATER: DETERMINATION OF THE FUNDAMENTAL ELECTRONIC CHARGE PURPOSE: The fundamental electronic charge of water will be determined. A system of collecting the formation of H2 and O2 using two inverted glass collections tubes and a 1-L beaker filled with water will be setup. An electrolyte (H2SO4) will be added to water to make it an electrical conductor. A small amount of electricity will be applied to the water (roughly 400 mA) to oxidize the oxygen and reduce the hydrogen at the same time. The molecular hydrogen and oxygen gases produced will be trapped in the separated, inverted tubes so that their volumes can be measured.In comparing the volume of gases produced, applying Dalton’s Law and the Ideal Gas Equation along with the application of the stoichiometric ratio between the electron and the gases, the fundamental electronic charge will be determined. THEORY H+ ions will join together at the cathode (the negative electrode) to produce H Atoms, and the H at oms will join to form molecules of H2 gas. At the positive electrode (the anode), H20 molecules will decompose to replace the H+ ions lost and release O2 gas. The reactions appear below. H+(aq) + 2e- —> H2(g) Reduction (at the cathode) 2H20(l) —> 4H+(aq) + O2(g) + 4e-Oxidation (at the anode) The volume of H2 and O2 will be directly proportional to the time and current applied to the system. This will provide the number of electrons consumed on a stoichiometric ratio as follows: 1 H2(g) to 2 e-Reduction (at the cathode)(1) 1 O2(g) to 4 e-Oxidation (at the anode)(2) The moles of electrons can be expressed as a rearrangement of the Ideal Gas Equation: Ne = PV/RT(3) Where P = pressure in atm, V = volume in L, R = Gas Constant of 0. 08206 atm mol-1 K-1 and T = temperature in KelvinThe actual electronic charge of water will be calculated as follows: e- = it/NeNx the stoichiometric ratio (1) or (2) above Where i = current in amps, t = time in seconds, Ne = moles of electrons passing through the circuit from equation (3) and N = Avogadro’s number. The actual electronic charge will be compared to the theoretical charge of 1. 603Ãâ€"10-19 Coulombs. 1. Convert height of the solution into mm Hg to get the hydrostatic pressure (pressure due to the liquid left in the gas collection tube): height of solution x density of solution density of mercury 2. tmospheric pressure in the room – hydrostatic pressure = Ptotal (total pressure exerted by the gas trapped in the gas collection tubes) 3. a)Ptotal (total pressure) = PH2 + PH20or Ptotal = PO2 + PH20 b) PH2 = Ptotal – PH20 c)PH2 / 760 = Patm (Pressure) 4. Ne = PV/RT 5. e- = it/NeNx the stoichiometric ratio | | Run 1| Run1| | Run 2| Run 2| | | – (cathode)| + (anode)| | – (cathode)| + (anode)| | | Tube 2| Tube 1| | Tube 2| Tube 1| | | H2| O2| | H2| O2| Run Time in seconds|   | 987. 13| 987. 13| | 1102. 82| 1102. 82| Average Current|   | 0. 303| 0. 303| | 0. 277| A| Height of S olution| Hsol mm| 400. | 325. 0 | | 81. 5 | 314. 2 | Volume of gas produced| Vgas (mL)| 40. 10 | 19. 72 | | 40. 10 | 19. 80 |   | Vgas (L)| 0. 04010 | 0. 01972 | | 0. 04010 | 0. 01980 | Temperature of solution| C| 24. 0 | 24. 0 | | 25. 6 | 25. 6 |   | Kelvin| 297. 15 | 297. 15 | | 298. 75 | 298. 75 | Vapour pressure of water | mm Hg| 22. 377 | 22. 377 | | 24. 617 | 24. 617 | Atmospheric pressure| Patm mm Hg| 770. 50 | 770. 50 | | 770. 50 | 770. 50 |   | Patm| 0. 94567 | 0. 95293 | | 0. 97354 | 0. 95103 | hhg hydrostatic pressure (mm Hg)|   | 29. 41 | 23. 90 | | 5. 99 | 23. 0 | Ptotal (mm Hg) in the tube|   | 741. 09 | 746. 60 | | 764. 51 | 747. 40 | PH2 (mm Hg)|   | 718. 71 |   | | 739. 89 |   | PO2 (mm Hg)|   |   | 724. 23 | |   | 722. 78 | | | | | | | | moles gas n (rearranged Ideal Gas Equation) Ne = PV/RT| 0. 001555 | 0. 0007707 | | 0. 001592 | 0. 0007681 | e- = it/NeN|   | 3. 194E-19| 6. 445E-19| | 3. 185E-19| 6. 604E-19| stoichiometric ratio| Final| 1. 597E-19| 1. 611E-19| | 1. 593E-19| 1. 651E-19| | theoretical| 1. 603E-19| 1. 603E-19| | 1. 603E-19| 1. 603E-19| | Difference| -6. 193E-22| 8. 166E-22| | -1. 028E-21| 4. 801E-21| | % Error| -0. 4%| 0. 5%| | -0. 6%| 3. 0%|

The Road Of Democracy For America - 1334 Words

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Forced with the conflict of developing a sound government, the Founding Fathers of America do this by finding a balance between the individual rights of the people and the power of the government to maintain order with the concepts of unalienable rights, checks and balances, an d popular sovereignty. The first step to democracy and equilibrium between order and individual rights is the unalienable rights of the people. The major problem the majority of colonists had with the British Monarch was the lack of protection of the people s rights. One of their rights that the colonists felt that was infringed upon was the right to criticize the monarch and to speak against it. In the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson addresses a particular grievance regarding this limitShow MoreRelatedDemocracy Plays A Major Role Americans Everyday Life981 Words   |  4 PagesDemocracy plays a major role Americans’ everyday life. 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